考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解半壁江山——細(xì)節(jié)題答題技巧全攻略!
細(xì)節(jié)題在考研英語(yǔ)(二)的閱讀中占比非常大,約為70%左右,有的年份比重更高。也就是說(shuō)每年20道題中有14道左右都是細(xì)節(jié)題。因此如果能夠拿下細(xì)節(jié)題對(duì)于閱讀考試非常重要。
什么是細(xì)節(jié)題呢?細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查精準(zhǔn)定位、理解具體信息的能力。有一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)潔的判別方式:不是其他五種題型(主旨題、態(tài)度題、推斷題、詞義題、例證題)即為細(xì)節(jié)題。嚴(yán)格意義上說(shuō),詞義題也屬于細(xì)節(jié)題。本文主要和大家分享細(xì)節(jié)題的解題步驟、正誤答案的特征以及細(xì)節(jié)題的具體分類。
解題步驟
細(xì)節(jié)題的解題步驟可以分為三步走:
在題干中標(biāo)記關(guān)鍵詞便于后續(xù)回文定位,關(guān)鍵詞的優(yōu)先等級(jí)為:專有名詞及數(shù)字(大寫(xiě)人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名等)> 普通名詞、動(dòng)詞 > 形容詞、副詞。
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回到原文中進(jìn)行定位,找到答案句所在,這個(gè)步驟根據(jù)難度等級(jí),可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下兩種情況:
即用題中關(guān)鍵詞回文定位相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,直接定位到了某一句話。
即用題中關(guān)鍵詞回文定位范圍較大,無(wú)法直接定位到某句話,而是幾句話甚至是一個(gè)段落。
比對(duì)答案句和四個(gè)選項(xiàng),排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),選出正確選項(xiàng)。
我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行答案匹配的時(shí)候,一方面我們要了解正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn),另一方面我們也要了解一些錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的規(guī)律,這樣我們可以綜合運(yùn)用“比對(duì)”和“比錯(cuò)”,提高我們的正確率。
正確選項(xiàng)會(huì)有以下兩種形式:
也就是正確選項(xiàng)會(huì)對(duì)原文進(jìn)行改寫(xiě),改寫(xiě)的方式包含以下三種,有時(shí)候這幾種情況同時(shí)出現(xiàn):同義詞替換 、前后語(yǔ)序調(diào)整 、詞性改寫(xiě)。
這種相對(duì)較難,正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文的概括總結(jié)或者正話反說(shuō)。一般是針對(duì)回文定位到幾句或者一整段的題。
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)類型如下:
無(wú)中生有:原文找不到相匹配對(duì)象
以偏概全:原文和選項(xiàng)的范圍不一致
偷換概念:原文和選項(xiàng)的對(duì)象不一致
答非所問(wèn):選項(xiàng)信息本身正確,但和題目無(wú)關(guān)
正反混淆:原文和選項(xiàng)信息對(duì)象或者方向相反
因果顛倒:原因和結(jié)果互換位置
東拼西湊:在原文截取不同句子的部分信息進(jìn)行拼湊
現(xiàn)在我們按照以上的步驟來(lái)看看以下題目:
例1 回文定位到句+信息改寫(xiě)(同義詞替換)
題干關(guān)鍵詞為:Quinn and her colleagues;conducted a test;if rats can
Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
其中 Quinn and her colleagues 是原詞;tested 和題干 conducted a test 一致;whether 和 if 一致;rats can 是原詞,那么答案即:detect social signals from robotic rats.
這道題答案比較明顯,不用排除法就可以直接選到正確答案。答案句和選項(xiàng) A. pick up social signals from non-living rats 匹配,答案為改寫(xiě)形式,pick up 是對(duì) detect 的改寫(xiě);non-living rats 是對(duì) robotic rats 的改寫(xiě)。
例2 回文定位到幾句+信息改寫(xiě)(同義詞替換)
題干關(guān)鍵詞為:from the principles;the US jury system
②定位
③匹配
由于這道題目涉及五個(gè)分句,需要我們和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一一比對(duì)。
A. both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries(接受過(guò)教育和沒(méi)有接受過(guò)教育的人都可以服務(wù)于陪審團(tuán))
B. defendants are immune from trial by their peers(被告不受同齡人的審判)
這個(gè)選項(xiàng)匹配到原文的 defendants are entitled to trial by their peers,be entitled to 表示被授權(quán),意思是被告可以由同齡人審判,和原文正反混淆,因此錯(cuò)誤。
C. no age limit should be imposed for jury service(陪審團(tuán)沒(méi)有年齡限制)
這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)匹配到原文的 all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries 原文的意思是要滿足最低的文化資質(zhì)以及年齡要求才能服務(wù)于陪審團(tuán),正反混淆(原文和選項(xiàng)信息的方向相反),因此錯(cuò)誤。
D. judgment should consider the opinion of the public(判決應(yīng)該考慮公眾的意見(jiàn))
這一句匹配到原文的 verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law 其中judgment 是對(duì) verdict(判決)的同義改寫(xiě);consider the opinion of the public 是對(duì)represent the conscience of the community 的改寫(xiě)(代表社會(huì)的良知),因此是正確答案。
例3 回文定位到幾句+信息概括
題干已經(jīng)告訴我們,根據(jù)第二段,關(guān)鍵詞為:the recession;has made people
原文僅僅只能在本句中找到一個(gè)recession。In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. 而has made people是沒(méi)有直接體現(xiàn)的,但是我們可以分析得出,這道題本質(zhì)是在問(wèn)recession(衰退)給人們帶來(lái)的影響或結(jié)果。我們可以再思考一下 No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways. recession就是economic disaster 經(jīng)濟(jì)災(zāi)難。后面的很多人說(shuō)失業(yè)會(huì)改善他們。其實(shí)就是在說(shuō)影響。對(duì)于接下來(lái)的部分就是我們的答案所在。
本題范圍較大,我們需要結(jié)合排除法來(lái)選擇答案。
They had become less materialistic and more financially prudent(他們變得沒(méi)有那么物質(zhì)享樂(lè)主義,在經(jīng)濟(jì)上更謹(jǐn)慎了); they were more aware of the struggles of others. 他們更能意識(shí)到別人的難處) In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.(它喚醒了我們狂熱的一夜暴富和豪宅之夢(mèng),必要性地結(jié)束了不計(jì)后果的個(gè)人消費(fèi)時(shí)代)
A.realize the national dream
本選項(xiàng)“實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家夢(mèng)想”和原文的“喚醒夢(mèng)想”是正反混淆,因此錯(cuò)誤。
B.struggle against each other
本選項(xiàng)“彼此斗爭(zhēng)”和原文“更了解他人的難處”屬于偷換概念。
C.challenge their prudence
本選項(xiàng)“挑戰(zhàn)他們的謹(jǐn)慎”,而原文是“變得更謹(jǐn)慎”,正反混淆。
D.consider their lifestyle
本選項(xiàng)為“重新思考他們的生活方式”是對(duì)原文所提到的各種消費(fèi)方式、觀念轉(zhuǎn)變的概括總結(jié),為正確答案。
我們前面已經(jīng)了解到細(xì)節(jié)題的基本解題方式,也了解到不同細(xì)節(jié)題的難度等級(jí)和正確選項(xiàng)的形式。下面我們?cè)诖嘶A(chǔ)上把細(xì)節(jié)題進(jìn)行更細(xì)致的分類便于我們更精準(zhǔn)地解題。
原因細(xì)節(jié)題:考察因果關(guān)系中的原因
常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式:
xxx because /for / in that they ________
The major reason for xxx is ____________
From the text we know that xxx due to ____
(1)找是否有表因果的邏輯詞(包含隱性因果)
因果邏輯詞有直接因果和隱性因果。
直接表原因: because;since;as
直接表結(jié)果:therefore;so ; thus ; hence
隱性因果:(表因果關(guān)系但不直接表達(dá)“因?yàn)?rdquo;)
① AB 相關(guān)
如:他順利上岸(果)和他的努力相關(guān)(因)。
A is interconnected/interrelated/related/
② A導(dǎo)致/產(chǎn)生/促進(jìn)/推動(dòng) B
A(因)lead to/ result in/ give rise to/ cause/ contribute/ generate/ push/yield B(果)
A(果)stem from/originate from/is attributed to B (因)
A(果)is justified by B(因) A被B證明是合理的
A(果)is in response to B(因) A 是對(duì)B 的回應(yīng)
如:他順利上岸(果)是對(duì)他努力(因)的回應(yīng)。
如:如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)(因),就能順利上岸(果)。
(2)找不到因果關(guān)系詞優(yōu)先往下句找答案
例4 回文定位到句+信息改寫(xiě)(前后語(yǔ)序調(diào)整、詞性改寫(xiě))
解析:根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 The authors of the research, article are optimistic ,because 可以定位到 the article is actually quite optimistic。很多同學(xué)的定位就到此結(jié)束了,注意題干中有 because,在問(wèn)原因,我們要在文中找表示原因的詞,其中 as 就相當(dāng)于 because,因此答案就是 it outlines a potential solution to this problem,和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比,C. the problem is solvable 為正確答案,是對(duì)原文進(jìn)行了詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換和語(yǔ)序的調(diào)整。
判斷型細(xì)節(jié)題:判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)哪個(gè)正確或者哪個(gè)錯(cuò)誤
常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式:
Which of the following is true?
Which of the following is not true?
解題要點(diǎn):相當(dāng)于四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)題,用四個(gè)選項(xiàng)一一回文定位并和文章信息匹配。
例5 回文定位到句+信息改寫(xiě)(同義詞替換)
解析:判斷型細(xì)節(jié)題需要用每個(gè)選項(xiàng)回文一一定位。
A.關(guān)鍵詞為 found a dream job, after graduating from college, 回文定位到 he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.他在大學(xué)畢業(yè)之后努力尋找一份工作。是對(duì)原文偷換了概念,因此錯(cuò)誤。
B.關(guān)鍵詞為 his parents, working steadily,must, success, 回文定位到 Even now that he is working steadily;his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children 并沒(méi)有提到和 success 和 must 相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
C.關(guān)鍵詞為His parents’ good life, has little to do with,college degree?;匚亩ㄎ坏?nbsp;his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. 所以這和原文是一致的,是對(duì)原文的改寫(xiě)。
D.關(guān)鍵詞為 job, technician, challenging 回文定位到 Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. 原文只提到了找工作很難,并沒(méi)有提到這份工作具有挑戰(zhàn)性。這是偷換概念。
人物觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題:考察不同人物觀點(diǎn)中的細(xì)節(jié)信息
常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式:
according to the author/ 其它人名
人名+ believes/agrees that...
(1)非作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度:找具體人名,再找到這個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)內(nèi)容
(2)作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度:由于文中一般不會(huì)直接出現(xiàn)第一人稱直接表達(dá)觀點(diǎn),我們可以通過(guò)找情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(would, could, should, need to do)、形容詞或副詞、其它主觀詞來(lái)確定作者觀點(diǎn)的位置
解析: 題干定位的關(guān)鍵詞為 London's Olympic "legacy", has failed to,我們可以定位到 Parkrun is succeeding where London’s Olympic “legacy” is failing. 顯然定位句并不是我們的答案所在。由于這道題是在問(wèn)作者的觀點(diǎn),所以我們要更關(guān)注情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞、其它主觀詞等能夠體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)的詞。以下句子中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would,且后面提到了 has not happened 沒(méi)有發(fā)生,即失敗了,我們可以考慮是答案句。Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to lever a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. (讓全國(guó)的體育愛(ài)好者遠(yuǎn)離沙發(fā))The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners.(人們會(huì)變得更苗條、更健康,產(chǎn)生更多獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)摺#?/span>It has not happened. 對(duì)比答案:C.promote sport participation(提升運(yùn)動(dòng)參與度)這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的,是對(duì)lever a nation of sport lovers away from their couches的概括。
以上就是細(xì)節(jié)題解題的一些關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),希望大家能夠勤加練習(xí),爭(zhēng)取拿下細(xì)節(jié)題,拿下閱讀。有問(wèn)題歡迎在評(píng)論區(qū)留言和交流~
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